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美国1964年民权法

2009-03-24 法律英语 来源:互联网 作者:
y other provision of this title, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)), other than the use or possession of a drug taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this title only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color,religion, sex, or national origin.

  (l) It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a respondent, in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion, to adjust the scores of, use different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of, employment related tests on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

  (m) Except as otherwise provided in this title, an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race,color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.

  (n) (1) (A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in paragraph (2), an employment practice that implements and is within the scope of a litigated or consent judgment or order that resolves a claim of employment discrimination under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws may not be challenged under the circumstances described in subparagraph (B)。

  (B) A practice described in subparagraph (A) may not be challenged in a claim under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws-

  (i) by a person who, prior to the entry of the judgment or order described in subparagraph (A), had-

  (I) actual notice of the proposed judgment or order sufficient to apprise such person that such judgment or order

might adversely affect the interests and legal rights of such person and that an opportunity was available to present objections to such judgment or order by a future date certain; and

  (II) a reasonable opportunity to present objections to such judgment or order; or

  (ii) by a person whose interests were adequately represented by another person who had previously challenged the judgment or order on the same legal grounds and with a similar factual situation, unless there has been an intervening change in law or fact.

  (2) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to-

  (A) alter the standards for intervention under rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or apply to the rights of parties who have successfully intervened pursuant to such rule in the proceeding in which the parties intervened;

  (B) apply to the rights of parties to the action in which a litigated or consent judgment or order was entered, or of members of a class represented or sought to be represented in such action, or of members of a group on whose behalf relief was sought in such action by the Federal Government;

  (C) prevent challenges to a litigated or consent judgment or order on the ground that such judgment or order was obtained through collusion or fraud, or is transparently invalid or was entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction; or

  (D) authorize or permit the denial to any person of the due process of law required by the Constitution.

  (3) Any action not precluded under this subsection that challenges an employment consent judgment or order described in paragraph (1) shall be brought in the court, and if possible before the judge, that entered such judgment or order. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a transfer of such action pursuant to section 1404 of title 28, United States Code.

  美国1964年民权法第七章(节选)(凭风译)

  非法的雇佣实践SEC. 2000e-2. [Section 703]

  (a)对于雇主来说,下述雇用实践将是非法的:

  (1)因为个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族而不雇佣或者解雇,或者拒绝雇佣或者解雇某个个人,或者在有关于赔偿金、期限、条件或者雇佣权利方面歧视某个个人。

  (2)因为个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族,以某种剥夺或者倾向于剥夺个人的工作机会或者影响其作为雇员的地位的方式,限制、隔离或者将他的雇员或者应聘者分等。

  (b)职业介绍所的下述雇佣实践是非法的,包括因为个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族而不或者拒绝为其提供雇用机会,或者以其他方式对其加以歧视;或者以个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族为基础对个人加以分等,或者为个人提供就业机会。

  (c)对于劳工组织来说,下列雇佣实践将是非法的:

  (1)因为个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族而拒绝接纳或者开除某个人的成员资格,或者对其加以歧视。

  (2)因为个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族,以剥夺或者倾向于剥夺个人的雇佣机会、限制这样的雇用机会、或者影响他作为雇员或者申请雇佣者的地位的方式,限制、隔离或者将其成员资格或者申请成员资格分等,或者不提供或拒绝提供雇佣,或者将对个人的雇佣分等。

  (3)促使或者试图促使雇员对个人进行违反本部分的歧视。

  (d)如果雇主、劳工组织或者劳工管理联合委员会控制学徒期和其他的培训、再培训计划,包括工作中的培训项目,则其根据个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族等因素,在提供学徒期和其他培训的参加工作和雇佣项目中进行对个人的歧视是非法的雇佣实践。

  (e)不管本小节的其他规定,(1)如果雇主雇佣雇员,如果职业介绍所对雇员进行分等或者为个人提供雇佣机会,如果劳工组织为其会员资格分等或者为个人提供雇佣分等,如果控制学徒期和其他培训、再培训项目的雇主、劳工组织或者劳工管理联合委员会允许或者雇佣个人参加其组织的项目;即使这些行为都是建立在个人的宗教、性别或者民族等因素基础上,只要这些因素是进行此种特殊交易和商业的真实的职业资格所必须的,则此种雇佣实践不是非法的。(2)如果一所学校、学院、大学、其他教育机构或者学术机构雇佣信仰某一特定宗教的雇员,只要该所学校、学院、大学、其他教育机构或者学术机构在总体上或者从实质部分来讲是由该宗教所拥有、支撑、控制或者管理,或者由某一特定的宗教团体、联合会或者协会拥有、支撑、控制或者管理,或者该所学校、学院、大学、其他教育机构或者学术机构的课程安排是直接针对该特定宗教的研究和普及的,则该种雇佣实践不是非法的。

  (f)正如本小节所使用的那样,“非法的雇佣实践”这个词语将不适用于下述情况,即雇主、劳工组织、劳工管理联合委员会或者职业介绍所针对美国共产党成员或者其他由颠覆活动管理委员会根据1950年颠覆远东管理条例[50 U.S.C.781 et seq.]最终确认的共产主义性质的组织成员作出的歧视行动或措施。

  (g)不论本小节的其他规定,如果雇主在任何职位上不雇佣或者拒绝雇佣任何人,如果雇主从任何职位上解雇任何人,如果职业介绍所不提供或者拒绝为个人在职位上提供雇佣机会,如果劳工组织不提供或者拒绝为个人提供雇用机会,则其行为也不违法,只要:

  (1)对这种职位的获得或者履行这种职位职责的部分前提是美国国家安全利益的要求,这种安全项目直接受到美国法令或者总统的行政命令的约束。

  (2)这样的个人没有满足或者终止满足此项要求。

  (h)不管本小节的其他规定,如果雇主对不同的雇员应用不同标准的赔偿金、不同的期限、不同的条件或者不同的权利,这些不同的标准是依照一个真实的资历或者绩效制度作出的,或者根据劳动产出的数量和质量衡量收入的制度作出的,或者根据不同雇员的劳动地点作出的,而不是雇主根据个人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族等因素进行歧视的结果,则这种雇佣实践就不是非法的;如果雇主是根据专业发展技能测验的结果作出上述不同标准的,而这种技能测验不是用于根据不同人的种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族进行歧视的,测验结果也不是被事先设计好的,则雇主的雇佣实践也不是非法的。如果雇主根据雇员的性别区分决定付与雇员的工资和赔偿金,只要根据第29章第206(b)[section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended]的规定,这种区分行为是允许的,则在本小节下,雇主的雇佣实践就不是非法的。

  (i)本小节的规定不适用于在印第安人保留地或其附近地商业或者公司的雇佣实践。在印第安人保留地或其

附近的商业或者公司如果公开声称对印第安人给予优惠待遇,则这种雇佣实践将不是非法的。

  (j)本小节的任何条文都不应当被解释为要求任何雇主、职业介绍所、劳工组织或者劳工管理联合委员会基于本小节的规定因为种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族等因素而给予任何个人或者团体以优惠待遇,仅仅由于雇主所雇佣的任何种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族的雇员的总数或者百分比不平衡,仅仅由于职业介绍所或者劳工组织承认的、分等的会员资格总数或者百分比不平衡,仅仅由于在某一团体、州、地域、或者其他地区的任何种族、肤色、宗教、性别或者民族的雇员的总数或者百分比不平衡,或者由于某一团体、州、地域、或者其他地区的可用劳动总数中不同因素分布的不平衡

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