英文法律文书简明教程

onservative while on the Supreme Court [and] Blackmun evolved from conservative to liberal."

　　2 为表示你在引语中改变了一个单词的一部分时，该部分使用括号。此类情形通常发生在为合并引语和你自己的句子时，要把大写字母变小写字母，反之亦然。

　　引语:

　　"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." U.S. Const. amend. VIII.

　　不正确合并:

　　The Eighth Amendment provides that "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." U.S. Const. amend. VIII.

　　正确合并:

　　The Eighth Amendment provides that "[e]xcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." U.S. Const. amend. VIII.

　　五、限制性从句与非限制性从句 Clauses - Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

　　1. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Defined. Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. Compare the following examples.

　　含义。限制性从句限定前面主句的含义，而非限制性从句仅讲述与前面的主句相关的内容，但并不对前面的主句进行限定。比较下面的例句：

　　Correct Restrictive Use:

　　The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.

　　Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways: we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup, we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.

　　请注意：上句中的主语suspect以两种方式进行了限定：在排队和有红色头发。因此，我们可以知道，其它不在队列中的嫌疑犯没有参与犯罪。而且，在嫌疑犯队列中，只有有红色头发的才参与了犯罪。如果队列中不止一人有红色头发，则上述例句的用法是不正确的，因为它存有其它的含义。

　　Correct Nonrestrictive Use:

　　The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.

　　In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one possibility.

　　在例句中，限制语in the lineup告诉我们，在所有可能的嫌疑犯中，参与犯罪的嫌疑犯在队列中。尽管非限制性从句who owns a red car告诉了我们关于嫌疑犯的若干资料，但是并不能排除在队列中其它嫌疑犯也拥有red car。车身的颜色可能告诉我们一些有用的东西，但无法限定到仅仅一种可能。

　　2. When choosing between "that" and "which," use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. Although some writers use "which" to introduce a restrictive clause, the traditional practice is to use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. When writing a restrictive clause, do not place a comma before "that." When writing a nonrestrictive clause, do place a comma before "which."

　　尽管有些作者用which来引入限制性从句，但是传统用法还是用that来引入限制性从句，而用which来引入非限制性从句。使用限制性从句时，that 前一定不要用逗号，而使用非限制性从句时，which 前一定要用逗号。

　　Correct Restrictive Use:

　　The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.

　　Correct Nonrestrictive Use:

　　The store honored the complaints, which were less than 60 days old.

　　These sentences have different meanings as well as different punctuation. In the restrictive sentence, the store honored only those complaints less than 60 days old, but not those over 60 days old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.

　　这两个句子含义不同，所用标点也不同。在限制性从句中，商店只处理不超过60天的投诉；而在非限制性从句中，商店处理了所有的投诉，这些投诉都是60天内发生的。

　　3. Place proper punctuation around nonrestrictive clauses, but do not place punctuation around restrictive clauses. When a nonrestrictive clause appears in the middle of a sentence, place commas around it. When a nonrestrictive clause appears at the end of a sentence, place a comma before it and a period after it. Do not punctuate restrictive clauses.

　　在非限制性从句中可以使用标点，但在限制性从句中则不可以使用。当非限制性成分在句子中间出现时，应当在它前面和后面加逗号。当非限制性成分出现在句末时，在它前面加逗号，后面加句号。不要在限制性从句中使用标点。

　　Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:

　　The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry, is now considered a classic.

　　Correct Punctuation of Nonrestrictive Clause:

　　The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen drawer.

　　Correct Punctuation of Restrictive Clause:

　　The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one to which we referred in the contract.

　　六、口语（表达）Colloquialisms

　　法律文书是一种正式的文书。其首要目的就是清楚而有效地沟通观点。偶尔运用修辞性的华丽词藻有助于强调观点，尤其在论述性文书中。但是千万不要因用了华丽的表达而丢掉或混淆了重要的法律观点。观点重要性远大于表达形式。同样，写作不要象说话一样。英语口语中我们经常用生动的或是口语化的短语，这在书面英语中是不合时宜的。写作中一定不要用这些短语，要代之以准确的语言。

　　Incorrect: On arriving at the scene of the crime, the officer tore up the stairs in search of the big enchilada.

　　Correct: On arriving at the scene of the crime, the officer ran up the stairs in search of the leader of the crime syndicate.

　　前述例子中，口语短语"tore up the stairs" 和"big enchilada"有多个意思。所以，越准确语言越恰当。

　　Incorrect: On December 12, 1992, Ms. DeWitt kicked the bucket.

　　Also Incorrect: On December 12, 1992, Ms. DeWitt passed on to her heavenly reward.

　　Better: Ms. DeWitt died on December 12, 1992.

　　前述例子中，第一个不恰当的句子含俚语，通常这在法律文书或其它正式文书中都不合时宜。第二个不恰当的例子避免了俚语，但走到另一个极端，有失简洁。

　　七、冒号

　　1 一句话中在“such as " "including" 和 "for example" 短语后不用冒号。因为这些短语已提示读者接下来会举一些例子，没有必要再用冒号引出例子了，那样只是多此一举。

　　Incorrect: She had all the skills of a great litigator, such as: writing ability, perseverance, persuasiveness, and obsessive attention to detail.

　　Correct: She had all the skills of a great litigator, such as writing ability, perseverance, persuasiveness, and obsessive attention to detail.

　　2 介词（例如“in”） 或副词后不用冒号列举。

　　Incorrect: The new law student excelled in: Criminal Law, Legal Writing, and Torts.

　　Correct: The new law student excelled in Criminal Law, Legal Writing, and Torts.

　　Incorrect: The litigation tactics most disliked by the judge are: discriminatory use of peremptory challenges, indiscriminate use of document requests during discovery, and the introduction of frivolous motions as delaying tactics.

　　Correct: The litigation tactics most disliked by the judge are discriminatory use of peremptory challenges, indiscriminate use of document requests during discovery, and the introduction of frivolous motions as delaying tactics.

　　3如果不违反上述规则 1或者规则2 ，则用冒号引出例子或解释。

　　Correct Use to Introduce a List:

　　The store carried all the items the new judge needed: gavels, judicial robes, case reporters, and computers.

　　Correct Use as an Explanatory Tool:

　　The restaurant served the type of food most preferred by lawyers: red meat.

　　4 当重申一个观点时，用冒号。如果跟在冒号后的是一个完整句子，则开头字母大写，反之，跟在冒号后的是从句或短语，则开头字母不大写。

　　Correct: The writing was brilliant: It was clear, concise, and analytically correct.

　　Incorrect: The writing was brilliant: clear, concise, and analytically correct.

　　八、Commas

　　逗号的用法是正确运用标点过程中最复杂，最容易产生误解的问题之一。在一些情形中，存在着被广泛接受的用法。然而在另一些情况下，却有不只一种用法。学生常常认为，担心标点的用法有点可笑：毕竟，法律分析才是最重要的呀。但是，假如一个人申请一份工作或向上级提交书面报告，没有什么会比忽视标点运用基本规则更容易给人留下负面印象的了。毕竟，一位高级律师是决不会愿意去更正一位初级律师的逗号的用法的。

　　Comma usage is one of the most complex, and most misunderstood, questions of proper punctuation. In some cases there are widely accepted rules governing comma usage; in a few cases, there is more than one acceptable approach. Students often think it's silly to worry about things such as punctuation: after all, isn't the legal analysis what really counts? However, when one applies for a job or submits written work to a supervisor, nothing will leave a more negative impression than ignorance of the basic rules of punctuation. After all, the last thing a senior attorney wants to do is correct a junior attorney's comma usage.

　　1.

　　当你用一个短语或从属分句开始一个句子，并随后引入一个独立分句时，用逗号分隔。

　　When you begin a sentence with a phrase or dependent clause to introduce a subsequent independent clause, separate the clauses with a comma.

　　Incorrect: After many years as a criminal prosecutor she ascended to the bench.

　　Correct: After many years as a criminal prosecutor, she ascended to the bench.

　　Incorrect: Because the witness was unavailable the judge allowed the introduction of the testimony pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule.

　　Correct: Because the witness was unavailable, the judge allowed the introduction of the testimony pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule.

　　2. 用逗号分隔非限制性从句，但不要用逗号分隔非限制性从句。

　　非限制性从句告诉你关于句子主语的某些事情，但并不对其含义进行限定；相反，限制性从句对主语的含义进行限定。

　　Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive clause in the middle of a sentence, but not to set off a restrictive clause. Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about the subject of a sentence, but they do no

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