英文法律文书简明教程

ut not those over 60 days old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.

　　12. 在引号内加入逗号，不要在引号外面加，不论逗号是否是其所引用的引语的组成部分。一般的规则是，逗号，句号总是放在引号内，而其他标点，如问号，冒号，分号和感叹号都应该放在引号外面，除非他们原来就是所引用的引语的组成部分。

　　Place commas inside, not outside, quotation marks. Follow this practice whether or not the comma is part of the original quotation. The general rule is that commas and periods should be inside the quotation marks at all times, while all other forms of punctuation, such as question marks, colons, semicolons, and exclamation points, should be outside the quotation marks, unless they were contained in the original quotation.

　　Incorrect: The court held that "physical injury is not a required element of a sexual harassment claim", and the plaintiff went on to win her case.

　　Correct: The court held that "physical injury is not a required element of a sexual harassment claim," and the plaintiff went on to win her case.

　　13. 用两个逗号来分隔日期和地点。表述详细日期（年月日）时，或详细的地理位置（如国家，州，城市）时，在最后的项目前后加两个逗号。

　　Use two commas when setting off dates and places. When using a full date (month, date, year) or multi-part geographical designation (such as city and state or city and country), use two commas around the last part of the designation.

　　Incorrect: On June 28, 1974 Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.

　　Correct: On June 28, 1974, Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.

　　However: In June 1974 Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.

　　Incorrect: Laredo, Texas was host for the 1994 World Rodeo Championship.

　　Correct: Laredo, Texas, was host for the 1994 World Rodeo Championship.

　　Incorrect: We arrived in Tokyo, Japan for the meeting of the G-7 leaders.

　　Correct: We arrived in Tokyo, Japan, for the meeting of the G-7 leaders.

　　参考：从属从句和短语；限制性从句和非限制性从句

　　Cross References: Dependent Clauses and Phrases; Clauses —— Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

　　Compound Adjectives

　　九、复合形容词

　　1. A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity.

　　复合形容词由两个或两个以上的形容词组成用以修饰一个名词。组成复合形容词的每个形容词之间要用连字符连接以避免混淆和词不达意。

　　Incorrect: The black and blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.

　　Correct: The black-and-blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.

　　Incorrect: Her fifteen minute presentation proved decisive to the outcome of the case.

　　Correct: Her fifteen-minute presentation proved decisive to the outcome of the case.

　　2. However, combining an adverb (usually a word ending in "ly") and an adjective does not create a compound adjective. No hyphen is required because it is already clear that the adverb modifies the adjective rather than the subsequent noun.

　　但是，副词（通常以“ly”结尾）与形容词组合不能作为复合形容词使用，其间不需使用连字符，因为，显而易见，副词用以修饰形容词而非其后的名词。

　　Incorrect: The remarkably-hot day turned into a remarkably-long week.

　　Correct: The remarkably hot day turned into a remarkably long week.

　　3. Furthermore, you should not place a hyphen in a compound adjective if the adjectives are capitalized, such as when they are part of a title.

　　此外，如果组成复合形容词的形容词为大写形式，例如：该附和形容词为文章题目的一部分，则不需在其间加以连字符。

　　Correct: His book was entitled, "Gender Neutral Language in English Usage," and it revolutionized the way people think about sex roles.

　　However: His book on gender-neutral language revolutionized the way people think about sex roles.

　　Correct: The students were participants in Chicago-Kent's vaunted Legal Research and Writing Program.

　　Also Correct:

　　同样正确

　　The student decided to attend a school with a good legal-research-and-writing program. Note that in this example, the reference is to a type of program, rather than a specific program, and so the use of hyphens is proper.

　　十、缩写 Contractions

　　1. Avoid using contractions in formal writing. A contraction is a combination of two words as one, such as "don't," "can't," and "isn't." The use of contractions is inappropriate in formal legal writing. Replace them with the two-word version of the contraction.

　　在正式写作中应避免使用缩写形式。 缩写即是将两个词合二为一，比如 "don't," "can't," 和"isn't"。在正式的法律文书中使用缩写形式是不规范的。

　　Incorrect: He can't guarantee that the defendant will appear because the defendant hasn't called him in several days.

　　Correct: He can not guarantee that the defendant will appear because the defendant has not called him in several days.

　　2. Remember: "It's" is the contraction of "it is." The term "its" is the singular possessive of "it." The term "it's," by contrast, is the contraction of "it is."

　　记住：“It's”是“it is”的缩写形式，而“its”是“it”的单数所有格形式。

　　Correct use as Possessive: 所有格的正确使用：

　　My '68 Mustang is on its last journey.

　　Correct use as Contraction: 缩写形式的正确使用：

　　It's a long way from Tipperary.

　　Cross References: Apostrophes, Possessives 参考：省略符号，所有格

　　十一、Dashes 破折号

　　Dashes can be used to set off material in the midst of a sentence. However, one should try to avoid using them at all. When choosing between dashes and other forms of punctuation (such as commas and parentheses), dashes should be used sparingly and primarily when the material deserves special emphasis. By contract, parenthetical ideas may be lost. In typing or word processing, a dash is formed by placing one space before and one space after two consecutive hyphens.

　　破折号使用在词与词中间用以隔开句子成分。然而，我们应尽量避免使用破折号。当在句中需要强调某成分时，在破折号与其他标点符号（如逗号，括号）之间我们应优先并谨慎使用破折号。如省略破折号则可能导致插入部分的语意丢失。在打印或用WORD进行文字系统操作时，应连续打印两个连接符并在其前后分别空一格。

　　Incorrect错误使用: The judge knew the defendant——she had been his third wife——and he therefore recused himself.

　　Correct正确使用: The judge knew the defendant —— she had been his third wife —— and he therefore recused himself.

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