Constitution of the peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国宪法

aws of the people's Republic of China.

　　Article 19 The State undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

　　The State establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory primary

education and promotes secondary, vocational and higher education as well as pre-school education.

　　The State develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy and provide political, scientific, technical and professional education for workers, peasants, State functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

　　The State encourages the collective economic organizations, State enterprises and institution and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with law.

　　The State promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua [common speech based on Beijing pronunciation-Tr.].

　　Article 20 The State promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions.

　　Article 21 The State develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, State enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

　　The State develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

　　Article 22 The State promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

　　The State Protect sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other significant items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

　　Article 23 The State trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

　　Article 24 The State strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and the legal system, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

　　The State advocates the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labour, of science and of socialism. It conducts education among the people in patriotism and collectivism, in internationalism and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism, to combat capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas.

　　Article 25 The State promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

　　Article 26 The State protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

　　The State organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

　　Article 27 All State organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

　　All State organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them.

　　Article 28 The State maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other criminal activities that endanger State security; it p

enalizes criminal activities that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

　　Article 29 The armed forces of the people's Republic of China belong to the people. Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction and to do their best to serve the people.

　　Article 30 The administrative division of the people's Republic of China is as follows:

　　(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

　　(2) Provinces and autonomous regions, and cities; and prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities; and

　　(3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships nationality townships, and towns.

　　Municipalities directly under the Central Government and other large cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities.

　　All autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are national autonomous areas.

　　Article 31 The State may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The system to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed buy law enacted buy the National people's Congress in the light of specific conditions.

　　Article 32 The people's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory; foreigners on Chinese territory must abide buy the laws of the people's Republic of China.

　　The people's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

　　Chapter Ⅱ The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

　　Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the people's Republic of China are citizens of the people's Republic of China.

　　All citizens of the people's Republic of China are equal before the law.

　　The State respects and preserves human rights.

　　Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and other laws.

　　Article 34 All citizens of the people's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic starts, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

　　Article 35 Citizens of the people's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

　　Article 36 Citizens of the people's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.

　　No State organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in any religion.

　　The State protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of State.

　　Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.

　　Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable

　　No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

　　Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

　　Article 38 Th

e personal dignity of citizens of the people's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false accusation or false incrimination directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

　　Article 39 The residences of citizens of the people's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

　　Article 40 Freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the people's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens' freedom and privacy of correspondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of State security or of criminal investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law.

　　Article 41 Citizens of the people's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any State organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant State organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, any State organ or functionary for violation of law or dereliction of duty; but fabrication or distortion of facts for purposes of libel of false incrimination is prohibited.

　　The State organ concerned must, in a responsible manner and by ascertaining the facts, deal with the complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures or retaliate against the citizens maki

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