中华人民共和国宪法修正案（附：《中华人民共和国宪法〔1999年修正本〕》） The Amendment to the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of C

principle of "from each according to his ability, and to each according to his work".

　　At the primary stage of socialism, the state upholds the basic economic system of "public ownership being principal, and multi ownership economies d

eveloping together" and upholds the distribution system of "distribution according to work being principal, and distribution mode coexisting".

　　Article 7 The state-owned economy, i.e. the socialist economy with ownership by the people as a whole, is the leading force in the national economy. The state will ensure the consolidation and development to the state-owned economy."

　　Article 8 The rural collective economic organizations implement double level operation structure, which is based on household contractual operation and which coordinates both collective and individual production. All working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock. The various forms of cooperative economy in the cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

　　The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.

　　Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches, and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forest, mountains, grasslands and unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law.

　　The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. Appropriation or damaging natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

　　Article 10 Land in cities is owned by the state.

　　Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the state in accordance with the law; house sites and privately farmed plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives. The state may, in the public interest, requisition land for its use in accordance with the law.

　　No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or unlawfully transfer land in other ways. The right to the use of the land may be transferred in accordance with the law.

　　All organizations and individuals using land must ensure its rational use.

　　Article 11 The non-public economies such as the individual economy and the private sector of the economy, operating within the limits prescribed by law, are important components of the socialist market economy.

　　The state protects the lawful rights and interests of the individual economy and the private sector of the economy. The state exercises guidance, supervision and control over the individual economy and the private sector of the economy.

　　Article 12 Socialist public properties are inviolable.

　　The state protects socialist property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

　　Article 13 The state protects the right of citizens to own lawfully earned income, savings, houses and other lawful property.

　　The state protects according to law the right of citizens to inherit private property.

　　Article 14 The state continuously raises labor productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving the organization of work.

　　The state practices strict econom

y and combats waste.

　　The state properly apportions accumulation and consumption, concerns itself with the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the state and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people.

　　Article 15 The state practices socialist market economy.

　　The state shall enhance economic legislation and improve macro-control of the economy.

　　The state shall, in accordance with the law, prohibit disturbance of the socioeconomic order by any organization or individual.

　　Article 16 State-owned enterprises have decision-making power with regard to operations within the limits prescribed by law.

　　State-owned enterprises practice democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

　　Article 17 Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conduction independent economic activities, on condition that they abide by the relevant laws.

　　Collective economic organizations practice democratic management, elect and remove their managerial personnel in accordance with the law and decide major issues concerning operation and management.

　　Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other Chinese economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China.

　　All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign joint ventures within Chinese territory shall abide by the law of the People's Republic of China.

　　Article 19 The state undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

　　The state establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory primary education and promotes secondary, vocational and higher education as well as pre-school education.

　　The state develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy and provide political, scientific, technical and professional education as well as general education for workers, peasants, state functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

　　The state encourages the collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law.

　　The state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua.

　　Article 20 The state promotes the development of natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions.

　　Article 21 The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, state enterprises and institutions and neighborhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

　　The state develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

　　Article 22 The state promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centers and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

　　The state protects sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and

other significant items of China's historical and cultural heritage.

　　Article 23 The state trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

　　Article 24 The state strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

　　The state advocates the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labor, of science, and of socialism; it educates the people in patriotism, collectivism, internationalism, and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism; it combats capitalist, feudal, and other decadent ideas.

　　Article 25 The state promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

　　Article 26 The state protects and improves the living environment of the people and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

　　The state organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

　　Article 27 All state organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performa

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