代 词(I)
2009-04-22 词汇语法 来源：互联网 作者： ℃六、 "few"和"little"两者分别为"many"和"much"的反义词，表示"少，很少"的意思，有否定含义，即等于"几乎没有"，如若表示肯定的含义，则应在little和few前加不定冠词"a"，即变为"a few"和"a little"
12) because they are generally ［A］ taken simply to obtain a recognizable ［B］ and relatively clear ［C］ image， most nonprefessional photographs demand few ［D］ equipment.
七、 "a great deal (of)" (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语
13) ___ of giftgiving， barter， buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.
［A］ A great deal ［B］ A great many
［C］ Much greater ［D］ Many
八、"nothing but"表示"只不过，就是，只有"
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。
九、"anything but" 表示"根本不，并不"
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。
John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。
十、"something of" 表示"略有"
He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。
I'm something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。
(试比较)
He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。
十一、"none other than"表示"就是"
The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。
我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别，后者表示"与……不同"
I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。
The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。
十二、"none"有时可作副词，表示"一点也不"
We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。
十三、nowhere可用以成语：be nowhere一无所得，一事无成；get nowhere一事无成，nowhere near离……很远。
十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词，或有其他的含义
He is all attention, and she is all eyes. 他十分留意，她也注意力集中。
Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.
［句中的"anybody(somebody)"在此当"大人物，重要人物"讲。］
十五、例题解析
1) A错。every不可单独充当句子成分，应在其后加上person或改为everyone。
2) A错。改为Every，修饰child。
3) C错。应改为of many，因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词，故其修饰语应用many，而much要修饰不可数名词。
4) B错。应改用many，因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数)，many在本句中为代词，作非限定性定语从句的主语。
5) B错。应改为much evidence，因为evidence(证据，迹象)为不可数名词，故应用much来修饰。
6) B错。应为any general，因为本句为否定句(否定副词never)，应该用any，此处表示"(没有达成过) 任何共识"。
7) C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures。本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句，control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语，同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。
8) B错。 改为others。
9) B错。 改为other。
10) C错。改为to the one。
11) C错。应用the other，因为此处表示两者之中的另一个，Art Tatum为人的名字，他只有两只眼睛，故提到"另一只"时应用the other。
12) D错。应改用little，因为equipment为不可数名词，故其修饰语应用little，few后面只接可数复数名词。
13) A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词"giftgiving， barter， buying"，"［B］ A great amny"和"［D］ Many"修饰可数名词，而"［C］ Much greater"本身是形容词，空档后不应有"of"， 所以填"［A］ A great deal of"。
V指示代词
一、指示代词this，that，these和those用来代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物，在句中可充当主语、宾语和定语。做定语的指示代词要与所修饰的词在数上一致
1) Today's libraries differ greatly from ___.
［A］ the past ［B］ those of the past
［C］ that are past ［D］ those past
2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics, according ___ to some authorities, has exceeded spent on public health.
［A］ one ［B］ those
［C］ it ［D］ that
3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.
［A］ that ［B］ what
［C］ which ［D］ those
二、为了避免重复，that或those来代替前边的名词或代词，that表示事物，those表示人。一般来讲that表示单数或不可数，而those表示复数。但those可以和who连用，由who引导一个定语从句，这时those就不是代替前边的某词
4) Numerous efforts have been made ［A］ to improve ［B］ the laws governing ［C］ air pollution， but none have been as successful as them ［D］ devised by the state of Oregon.
5) An internationally famous ballerina ［A］ ， Maria Tallchief demonstrated ［B］ that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those ［C］ of the ballet in Europe ［D］ .
6) Since the job was going to be ［A］ difficult， he asked only ［B］ them ［C］ he trusted to assist him ［D］ .
7) Forest animals ［A］ utilize the sense ［B］ of smell less ［C］ than them ［D］ in the countryside.
三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用，也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词
8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if ___ proposal were accepted.
［A］ so many ［B］ a so many
［C］ a such ［D］ such a
9) Although signs of ___ dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?
［A］ so ［B］ those
［C］ such ［D］ such a
四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。此题中的differ from意为"不同于"，相比较的对象为"现代的图书馆"与"以往的图书馆"，故应选B ，用those代替前面提到的libraries(复数)。
2) D为正确答案。"has exceeded""超过，超越"，空档后"spent on public health"作定语，而空档处是代词代替"The amount of monay"，这是不可数名词，所以"［A］ one"和"［B］ those"均不符合条件。"［C］ it"也不对，it代词代"the amount of money spent on cosmetics,"那么空档后的"spent on public health"显然与"spent on cosmetics"相矛盾。所以C也不对。
3) D为正确答案。"what"和"which"为连接和关系代词，"that"指代单数，而空档处是代前边的"The clture and customs of America"，所以应当用复数代词those。
4) D错。 改为those。这里"those"与"none"同指，都代"the laws"。
5) C错。 改为that，代"the quality。"
6) C错。改为those。C处作"asked"的宾语，又作"he trusted to assist him"的先行词。
7) D 错。 改为those。
8) D为正确答案。
9) C为正确答案。
VI关系代词
关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which，as。它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词，又在从句中担任一定的成分。
一、who和whom代表人，who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语
1) Human beings are social ［A］ animals whom ［B］ usually prefer not to live in physical ［C］ or psychological isolation ［D］ .
二、whose表示"某人的"，在从句中作定语
2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of ___ open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
［A］ which ［B］ its
［C］ that ［D］ whose
三、that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况；that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语；which在从句中作主语或宾语
3) The first doll ___ say "mama" was invented in 1830.
［A］ that it could ［B］ could
［C］ it could ［D］ that could
四、代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等
4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all ___ was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
［A］ what ［B］ that
［C］ which ［D］ who
5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much ___ we can learn from him today.
［A］ as ［B］ when
［C］ who ［D］ that
五、在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
6) After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," ___ used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.
［A］ which ［B］ who
［C］ he ［D］ that
7) I have often wondered whether some people, ___ had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.
［A］ whom ［B］ who
［C］ which ［D］ what
8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, ___ will add even greater weight to the saucer.
［A］ that ［B］ although
［C］ why ［D］ which
六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分，而不是一个名词
9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English－speaking country,___ amounts to washing one's hands of English complex structures.
［A］ whom ［B］ which
［C］ when ［D］ that
七、在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
八、有时as也可用作关系代词
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his turned out not quite as he had expected.
九、例题解析
1) B错。改为who。
2) D为正确答案。
3) D为正确答案。
4) B为正确答案。
5) D为正确答案。
6) B为正确答案。
7) B为正确答案。
8) D为正确答案。
9) B为正确答案。
VII连 接 代 词
连接代词：是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，连接代词有 what, who, whom, whose, which。
一、what可引导名词性从句，作主语和表语。"what"兼具先行词和关系代词的性质，即what=the thing(things)that
1) Continue to be you ___ are before you find an exercelent job!
［A］ who ［B］ that
［C］ what ［D］ which
2) ___ would be a fairly long speech in a play is often presented as a recitative(宣叙部) in opera.
［A］ That ［B］ There
［C］ It ［D］ What
二、代词who(m), which和what可以和ever构成复合代词(whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever)，它们起强调作用，都兼具先行词和关系词的作用。表示"所有，一切"之意。whoever和whomever作为复合代词，前边有介词，如果单纯作介词的宾语用whomever；如果介词后边的复合代词引导从句，则用whoever
3) ___ it is you have heard, you'd better ask him about it in person.
［A］ Whatever ［B］ However
［C］ That ［D］ Although
4) The government will sell public houses to ___ provides enough amount of money for the government further investment.
［A］ whoever ［B］ those
［C］ people ［D］ who
三、有时这些复合代词还可以引起状语
5) ___ the size or nature of a business,its main goal is to earn a profit.
［A］ Whatever ［B］ Of
［C］ Whereas ［D］ because
四、例题解析
1)
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