不定式概论

s. 他在讲话中表达了他们实现自己目标的决心。 (They are determined to achieve their goals.)
We could see her anxiety to settle the thing herself. 我们看得出她很想自己来解决这个问题。 (She was anxious to settle the thing herself.)
His eagernese to get back to work was quite obvious. 急于回去工作这一点是很明显的。 (He was eager to get back to work.)

另外，不定式还可以在下面这类句子中用作定语：
We'll have more meetings like this in the few weeks to come. 在未来几周内还要开几次这样的会。
In the lectures to follow she will give us some information about the situation in Africa. 在以后几次讲演中，她将谈谈非洲的情况。
Among the men to take part in the work, he is probably the most active. 在要参加这些工作的人中，他恐怕是最积极的。
The conference to take place next month is bound to be a great success. 下月举行的会议一定会很成功。
这时，这些不定式几乎等于一个定语从句(例如to take part in the work可以说是who are to take Part in the work的紧缩形式)，都表示即将发生的动作。
间或还可以看到下面这种不定式短语作定语：
She had no time left in which to pack her things. 她没有时间收拾行李了。
It was a bad season in which to have outings. 这是一个不适于郊游的季节。
Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一分钟时间来卸装。
She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行有一点存款，用来帮助她的妈妈。

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注： 不定式间或可用作同位语(a)或是引起一个惊叹句(b)：
a．Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。
We got no instructions to leave the city. 我们没有接到离开这座城市的指示。
b. To think he knew about it all the time! 没想他一直知道这事！
Oh! To be young again. 哦，要能再年轻就好了。
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4. 作状语用的不定式
不定式常可用来作状语，修饰动词，表示行为的目的(a)、结果(b)或原因(c)，如：
a．They ran over to welcome the delegates. 他们跑过去欢迎代表们。
The vice-minister cut the ribbon to open the exhibition. 展览会开幕由副部长剪彩。
To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具要对头。
We must do everything we can to help them. 我们要尽一切力量帮助他们。
b．He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. 他讲了一大段话，只暴露出他对这门学科一无所知。
What have I said to make you so excited? 我说了什么话使你这样激动?
The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene. 帷幕分开，出现一个集市的场面。
She lived to be 100. 她活到一百岁。
He left, never to return. 他走了，再也没有回来。
C．We all rejoiced to hear of your success． 听说你们成功了我们都很高兴。
She shuddered to think of her bitter past. 她想起了辛酸的过去真是不寒而栗。
To hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner. 听他这样说话，你会以为他是外国人。
We jumped with joy to hear the news. 我们听到这消息高兴得跳了起来。
另外，不定式也常用在so as (to)或in order (to)后，与它合起来作状语用，表示目的:
Let's hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. 咱们快点走，免得开会迟到。
She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决定加紧学习好赶上别人。
In order to achieve this aim, we must learn from other countries. 为了实现这个目标，我们必须向别的国家学习。
此外，还可和某些不及物动词连用：
My blood pressure tends to be high. 我的血压偏高。
They burned to avenge his death. 他们一心要给他报仇。

不定式也可用在作表语用由形容词(或过去分词)后面作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原因或是在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况等：
I am sorry (glad) to hear it. 听了这个我很难过(高兴)。
He was annoyed to hear them talk like that. 听他们这样说话他很不高兴。
We are proud to be young people of China. 作为中国的青年我们感到自豪。
We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the work. 我们将很高兴在这项工作中和你们合作。
We were surprised to find him there. 看到他在那里我们感到很惊奇。
We should "not feel ashamed to ask and learn from people below." 我们要"不耻下问"。
They are eager to take part in the work. 他们亟于参加这个工作。
We were grieved to learn of his death. 听说他去世我们都很悲痛。
She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于帮助别人。
Be careful not to catch cold. 小心别着凉了。
I don't feel inclined to accept the invitation. 我不太想接受邀请。
You are very kind to say so. 谢谢你这样说。
能用在这类结构中的形容词和过去分词很多，常见的如：happy，lucky, fortunate, unfortunate, pained, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, shocked, sorry, glad, delighted, able, unable, destined, apt, willing, unwilling, worthy, eager, proud, disappointed, angry, right, anxious, content, impatient, fit, ready, clever, unwise, naughty, quick, show, prompt, foolish, rude, thoughtless, (in) considerate, cruel, wrong等。

另外，在这种结构中还可以用easy， difficult, hard, comfortable等形容词，这时作句子主语的除了表示人的词外。还可以是表示事物的词：
The girl was easy to get along with. 这女孩很容易相处。
He is worthy to take the position. 他配得上做这项工作。
The question is rather difficult to answer. 这问题相当难回答。
A foreign language is as a rule hard to learn. 外国语一般不好学。
The room is comfortable to live in. 这房间住起来很舒服。
This water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于喝。
Thousands of words are inadequate to express how grateful we are to you. 千言万语也说不尽我们对你的感激之情。
在用这些形容词构成复合宾语时，也能用不定式作状语，如：
We found the house very comfortable to live in. 我们发现这房子住起来很舒服。
I don't think him hard to get along with. 我想他不难相处。
上面讲的句子，有些也可以改为下面这种形式：
This is a very comfortable house to live in. 这是一栋住起来很舒服的房子。
I think him a very nice person to get along with. 我想他是一位容易相处的人。
这时不定式就成了定语。

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注： 下面句子中的不定式也是一种状语：
Take care not to catch cold. 小心别着凉。
He has made up his mind to put his heart and soul into the work. 他决定全心全意投入这项工作。
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当一个句子里带有too或enough这样的词时，我们也常用一个不定式来作状语：
She was too young to understand all that. 她太年轻不能理解这些。
We found the room too small to hold so many people. 我们发现房间太小坐不了这么多人。
I am sorry I am too much in a hurry to talk with you. 对不起，我有急事要办不能和你谈话。
We found the room not big enought to hold so many people. 我们发现这房间不够大，坐不了这么多人。
She was not old enough to understand all that. 她年岁不够大，不能理解这一切。
Have you got enough room to seat all of us? 你们这儿坐得下我们所有这些人吗?
有时在so...as (to)这种结构中也可以用不定式作状语：
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free. 什么时候有空希望来我们家玩。
Was he so conceited as not to believe in the wisdom of the masses? 他会这样高傲，不相信群众的智慧?

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注: 有时不定式可以用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行解释：
To tell you the truth, I am not in favour of your plan. 说老实话，我不赞成你的计划。
To be frank, we don't trust him. 坦白地说，我们不信任他。
To be fair, he is not at all an irresponsible man. 说句公道话，他绝对不是一个不负责任的人。
To say the least, their techniques are old-fashioned. 说得再轻点，他们的工艺至少是太老了。
Among writers of his age, he was, so to speak, a giant among dwarfs. 在那时的作家中，他可以说是鹤立鸡群。
这类结构可称为句子状语，也可看作插入语。关于这一点可参阅 520。
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5. 在复合结构中用的不定式
不定式可以和名词(或代词)构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，称为复合宾语：
I didn't expect you to arrive so early. 没想到你来得这么早。
We shouldn't allow such things to happen again. 我们不应允许再发生这样的事。
They encouraged her to try again. 他们鼓励她再试一次。
Her mother forbid her to go out. 她妈妈禁止她出去。
She asked me to call again. 她请我再去一次电话。
May I request you to be present at the ceremony? 我可否请你出席这次仪式?
Would you like us to go with you? 你愿意我们和你一道去吗?
I'll leave him to solve the problem for himself. 我将让他自己去解决这个问题。
He wants you to call him back at 11. 他要你十一点钟给他回电话。
He required us to write clearly. 他要求我们字迹要清楚。
His conscience compelled him to tell the truth. 他的良心促使他讲出了真情。
I'll get someone to repair the recorder for you. 我去找个人来帮你们修录音机。
在很多动词后面都可以有这样的宾语，常见的这类动词有：ask, tell, invite, compel, force, oblige, get, beg, allow, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, request, order, command, warn, cause, press, urge等。

在make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式都不带to：
What made you think like that? 是什么使你这样想?
Let me do it for you. 让我来替你做。
I hate to see you leave so soon. 我真不愿意你这么快就走。
Don't forget to have him come. 别忘了让他来。
I often hear them sing this song. 我常常听到他们唱这首歌。
Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张起来。
但这种句子如果变为被动结构。to就不能不要：
She was often seen to act like that． 人们常常看见她这样做。
They were made to work day and night． 他们被迫日夜干活。

像think，consider，believe，suppose，know，feel，find，understand，declare，take这类动词后，也可以有复合宾语，但这种宾语中的不定式短语多由to be加一形容词构成：
They believed there principles to be universally true. 他们认为这些原则是普遍适用的。
He doesn't consider that to be important. 他并不认为这很重要。
Many people supposed him to be dead. 很多人都以为他死了。
I felt them to be right. 我觉得他们是对的。
They found the answer to be quite satisfactory. 他们对答复感到很满意。
She imagined herself to be superior to others. 她自以为比别人都高明。
这种结构在书面语中用得较多，在口语中多用宾语从句。在个别动词(如think，consider，find)后，不用to be，直接用形容词也可以：
They found the answer quite satisfactory.

在某些成语动词(如wait for，call on，count upon，vote for，rely on，depend upon，long for，prevail upon，care for等)后面，我们也可以用这样的复合宾语，如：
The government called on us to increase production. 政府号召我们增加生产。
You can count on us to give you full support. 你们放心，我们将给你们全力支持。
We'll vote for Peter to be our monitor. 我们将投票彼得的票，让他作班长。
We are all longing for the new term to begin. 我们都渴望新学期开始。
在listen to和look at后面的复合宾语中，不定式常不带to：
She listened to the rain patter on the window-panes. 她倾听着雨水敲打着玻璃窗。
It is quite amusing to look at (=watch) other people play chess. 看别人下棋很有意思。

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注： 在help后，不定式可以带to也可以不带to：
Can anyone help me (to) carry the suitcase upstairs?
She will help (to) mend the coat for you.
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上面谈到的这类句子，有时可以变为被动结构：
The students are always encouraged to put forward their views. 我们总是鼓励学生提出自己的看法。
You are requested to be present at an English evening to be held at the school auditorium on Friday, at 7p.m. 谨订于本星期五晚七点在本院礼堂举行英语晚会，请出 席指导。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
Finally she was prevailed upon to take the job. 最后她被说服接受了这个工作。
Who can be depended upon to carry on the work? 可以依靠什么人来进行这个工作。

除了上面这些带复合结构的句子外，还有两类复合结
构的句子。一类是以be said，be reported，be known，seem，happen，prove，appear等构成谓语的句子：
He is said to be from a peasant family. (It is said that he is from a peasant family.) 据说他出身农民家庭。
The movenment was reported to be in full swing. (It was reported that th

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