不定式概论

e movement was in full swing.) 据报导这运动正全面展开。
She doesn't seem to have enough confidence in herself. (It seems that she doesn't have enough confidence in herself.) 她似乎对自己没有充分信心。
The country is known to be rich in natural resources. (It is known that the country is rich in natural resources.) 据了解这个国家有丰富的自然资源。
一类是以be likely，be certain，be sure，be unlikely，be destined等构成谓语的句子：
They are likely to be on the school farm now. (It is likely that they are on the school farm now.) 他们现在多半在学校农场里。
She is unlikely to come back this week. (It is unlikely that she will come back this week.) 她这星期回来的可能 性不大。
On our road of advance we are bound to meet with difficulties. 在我们前进的道路上我们肯定会碰到困难。
Victory is sure to be ours. 胜利一定属于我们。
The growth in demand is certain to drive up the price. 需求的增长一定会使价格升高。
在这两节的句子中，不定式和前面的动词构成复合谓语，这问题在
句法中再详细讨论。(可参阅42l。)

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注： 不定式与助动词或情态动词构成谓语的情况第十一章中已说得很多，这里就不再谈了。另外在I don't think it advisable to start so early.这样的句子中，不定式也是用来和别的词构成复合宾语，已经在第217节中讲到，这里也不再讲了。另外下面句子也可说包含一个复合谓语：
How did you get to know it? 你怎么知道的?
Now I'm coming to see it more and more clearly. 现在我看得越来越清楚了。
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6. 不定式的完成式、进行式和完成进行式

不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生(a)，或是在它之后发生(b)：
a. Who heard him say that? 谁听见他说这话的?
Tell her we shall be delighted to come． 告诉她我们会很高兴来的。
We rejoiced to see her back． 我们看到她回来了都很高兴。
b. They invited us to go there this summer． 他们邀请我们今年夏天到那儿去。
She is waiting to hear your answer． 她在等着听你的答复。
They arranged to start early． 他们安排好早动身。
假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生，这不定式就要用完成式，如：
I am glad to have seen your mother. (= I am glad I have seen your mother.) 我很高兴，见到了你的妈妈。
(比较：I am glad to see you. 看到你真高兴。)
不定式的完成式常用来：
1)构成复合谓语：
He is said to have written a new book about workers. (It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) 据说他又写了一本关于工人的书。
The enemy was reported to have surrendered. (It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) 据报道敌人投降了。
She seemed to have heard about it already. (It seemed that she had already heard about it.) 她似乎已听到这事了。
I happened to have come across the book once. (It happened that I had come across the book once.) 我碰巧有一次见过这本书。
She is not likely to have got our letter. (It is not likely that she has got our letter.) 她多半还没接到我们的信。
2)在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语：
You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.
(You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) 你运气好弄到了音乐会的票。
I am very pleased to have been of help. 能够帮得上忙我很高兴。
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. (I am sorry I have given you so much trouble.) 对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。
He felt ashamed to have done such a thing. 他很惭愧做了这样的事。
She was very glad to have done something for the community. 她很高兴为社会做了点事。
3) 在某些动词后作宾语：
He pretended not to have seen me. 他假装没看见我。
I regret to have been the cause of all this trouble. 我很抱歉引起了这么多麻烦。
We interded to have included your name in the list. 我们本来预备把你的名字列入名单的。
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 我本想告诉你的，可是我忘记了。
I should like to have bought one. 我本想买一本(个)的。
He expects to have written it tomorrow morning. 他估计明天早上可以写好。
间或也可以作主语(a)，定语(b)或构成复合宾语(c)：
a．It has been a privilege to have travelled so much in your country. 在贵国游览了这么多地方是很难得的。
It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village. 重访了家乡是非常愉快的事。
b. It was the first book to have appeared on the subject. 这是第一本关于这门学科的书。
So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms. 原来这些房间都是你打扫的。
It is one of the rare examples of this type of painting to have survived. 它是这类画仅存的少数样品之一。
They thought it a pity not to have invited her. 他们没有请她感到很遗憾。
She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. 参加了这项工作她感到很荣幸。

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注1: 不定式的完成形式也有时和情态动词构成谓语：
She may have lost your telephone number. 她可能忘了你的电话号码了。
He must have missed the train. 他准是误车了。
How could you have read so much in such a short time? 在这么短时间内你怎么可能看了这么多书?
这一用法在211中已经讨论了，这里就不再多谈。另外，to be有时可以和一不定式的完成形式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做的事：
He was to have given the first talk, but he came late. 他本来第一个发言，但来晚了。
The plane was to have taken off at six, but something went wrong. 飞机本来在六点起飞的，但出了故障。

注2： 在不定式的完成形式后有时可以跟一个表示过去时间的状语：
He may have left last Monday. 他可能星期一就走了。
He is believed to have left last Monday. 据信他星期一已经走了
这是和现在完成时不同的。
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如果主要谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。不定式的进行式主要可以用来：
1)构成复合谓语：
You are not supposed to be working. You haven't quite recovered yet. 你现在不应当工作，你的病还没有完全好哩。
They are said to be building another bridge across the river. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。
They seem to be getting along quite well. 他们似乎相处得很好。
I happened to be going that way too. 我洽好也是到那儿去.
How did you come to be working here? 你怎么来到这儿工作的?
2)在某些动词后构成复合宾语：
We didn't expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没想到你在这儿等我们。
Of course we should like everything to be going smoothly. 当然我们愿意一切都进行得很顺利。
"Tom, I don't want you to be idling your time away like that." said the old man. 老头说："汤姆，我不愿意你把时间这样瞎混掉。"
3)在某些动词后作宾语：
He pretended to be listening attentively. 他假装专心听讲的样子。
She wished to be travelling around too like them. 她希望也和他们一样到处游历。
Of course he doesn't like to be lagging behind the others. 他当然不愿意像现在这样落在别人后面。
You don't need to be worrying about her. She is safe at home. 你这样为她着急完全多余，她好好地在家里哩。
间或也可以用作状语(a)，或主语(b)：
a. I am glad to be working with you. 和你在一道工作我很高兴。
How fortunate (I am) to be living here! 生活在这里多么幸福!
b. It feels wonderful to be working out of doors in such weather. 这样天气在外面劳动很舒服。
It's nice of you to be thinking of us. 难为你想着我们。

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注: 不定式的进行式有时也可以表示一个反复发生的动作，这时带有感情色彩(关于这一点可参阅142)：
It's remarkable of her to be always working like that. 她总是这样工作，真不错。
I don't like you to be constantly arguing about trifles. 我不喜欢你们老为一些小事争论不休。
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在上节所讲的许多结构中，如果不定式表示的不是正在进行的动作，而是在谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行形式：
a. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. (It's said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.) 据说他们一直在云南收集民歌。
The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years. 据悉这个斗争已进行二十多年了。
b. They suspected us to have been quarrelling. 他们还疑心我们刚吵过架哩。
c. She wished to have been studying as hard as the others. 她真愿意过去也像其他人那样努力学习。
d. We are happy (It's been a great pleasure) to have been working with you. 我们很高兴这一段时间和你们在一起工作。
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注：不定式的进行形式和完成进行形式也可以用在谓语中：
Don't be making such a great noise, children. 孩子们，别这样闹。
They must have been discussing something important. 他们刚才准是在讨论什么重要的事。
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7. 不定式的被动形式
当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。这种形式可以用来：
1)作主语：
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸被邀在这里讲话。
Is it possible for our hopes to be realized? We believe it is. 我们的希望能实现吗? 我们相信是可以的。
It's necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings. 经常有人提醒自己注意缺点是必要的。
2)作宾语：
She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 她请求派她到西藏去工作。
He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 他宁愿给他些更重的工作做。
She hated to be flattered. 她讨厌受人奉承。
3)构成复合宾语：
He wanted the letter to be typed at once． 他让把信马上打好。
She didn't like herself to be praised like that. 她不喜欢自己受到那样的赞扬。
He didn't expect the book to be so well received. 他没想到这本书会受到这样的欢迎。
4)构成复合谓语：
This is bound to be found out. 这准会被人发现。
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. 这些书不许携出室外。
The date is expected to be announced soon. 估计日期不久就会宣布。
5)作定语：
Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy? 你准备参加大使馆举行的宴会吗?
There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事要做。
It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers. 这是中国工程师设计的第一个这类工程。
The questions to be answered are on page 32. 需回答的问题在第32页上。
6)作状语：
The kids went to the hospital to be inoculated. 孩子们到医院去种牛痘去了。
She was too young to be assigned such work. 她年纪太小，不适宜把这工作交她做。
就是逻辑上的主语不出现，只要在意思上是被动的，这不定式仍然要用被动式：
It's a great honour to be elected a model teacher. 选为模范教师是很大的荣誉。
To be criticized might be a good thing. 受批评可能是件好事。

不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中用作主语(a)，宾语(b)，或构成复合宾语(c)，或复合谓语(d)，间或用作定语(e):
a. It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. 他受到批评是件好事。
b. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. 她宁愿分给她的是更重的工作。
c. They knew him to have once been arrested by the police. 他们知道他被警察逮捕过。
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. 被邀参加晚会他感到很荣幸。
d. The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 这书据说已被译成好几种语言。
He is not likely to have been notified about it. 这事多半还没有通知他。
e. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 她是第一个选上这样位置的妇女。
这时，这不定式表示的是一个比谓语动作发生得更早的动作。

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注：不定式的被动式用来构成谓语的情况在179中已经讲到，这里就不谈了。
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在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的意思，用的却是主动形式：
a. He has no one to take care of. 没有什么人需要他照顾。
(比较：He has no one to take care of him. 没有谁照顾他。)
We still have many difficulties to overcome. 我们还有很多困难要克服。
b. Give him some books to read. 给他点书看。
He'll show you the right path to take. 他将告诉你该走什么道路。

c. They found the lecture hard to understand. 他们发现这报告不好懂。
I don't consider that a proper thing to do. 我想这不是正确的做法。
d. It is a hard nut (for one) to crack. 这是一个棘手的问题。
He is not easy (for anyone) to convince. 他不容易被说服。
在这些句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词(代词)有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词(代词)却可能有主谓关系，如前三类情况都是如此，这或许是用主动形式的原因。在a，b两类句子中，如果没有这种主谓关系，不定式就仍以用被动式较好，如：
a． Have you anything to be taken to the city (by me or someone else)? 你有什么东西需要(让我或其他人)带到城里去?
I have no more letters to be typed, thank you. 谢谢你，我没有什么信要打了。
b. Please give me the b

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