不定式概论

ooks to be distributed among the students. 请把要发给学生的书交给我。
Let me show you the room to be used as the teacher's readingroom. 我来带你去看看要用作教员阅读室的那个房间吧。
另外，在以there is (are)引起的句子中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动式，也可以用主动形式：
There is no time to lose (to be lost). 时间紧迫，不能耽误了。
There are still many things to take of (to be taken care of). 还有好些事要处理。
Are there any more items to put (to be put) on the agenda? 还有什么别的项目该列入议程？
在口语中用主动形式的时候更多一些。但有时候两种形式可能表示不同的意思，如：
There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do now.) 现在没事儿干。
和
There is nothing to done now. (We can do nothing now 现在没有什么办法了。

There is nothing to see (nothing worth seeing). 没有东西值得看。
和
There nothing to be seen (nothing there at all)． 看不见有什么东西。

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注：在下面类型的句子中，to let, to blame, to seek等不定式，都是主动形式，却有被动意思：
The house is to let. 房子要出租。
Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁?
The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。
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8 有关不定式短语结构的几个问题

在使用不定式短语时，如果有必要，我们可以用以 引起的短语来表示它逻辑上的主语。带有这种短语的不定式结构，可以用来：
1)作主语：
It is now rare for anyone to be absent without leave. 擅自缺席的情况现在很少了。
How would it be for me to look after the machine? 我来看这台机器怎么样?
2)作宾语：
I don't think it advisable for him to study medicine. 我看他学医不合适。
Do you consider it worthwhile for them to make that experiment? 你认为他们做这试验值得吗?
3)作定语：
We'd better find some work for the children to do. 最好找点工作给孩子们做。
There are a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. 多困难需要他们克服。
4)作状语：
I stepped aside for her to pass. 我站到一边让她过去。
The text is too long for us to learn by heart. 课文太长，我们记不住。
They arranged for her to do light work in the factory. 安排她在厂里干轻活。
5)作表语：
The best thing would be for us to build the skating-rink with our own hands． 最好是我们自己动手修溜冰场。
This is for you to decide. 这得由你决定。
Another solution was for them to take charge of it jointly. 另一个办法是让他们共同负责。

不定式短语，在某些情况下，前面可以带一个连接代(副)词。这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句，常用在某些动词(如：tell, show, know, decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, find out, explain, forget)等后面作宾语：
He will advise you whether to do it. 是否要这样做他会给你出主意的。
We'd better find out where to put it. 我们最好了解一下应放在哪里。
Have you decided when to hold the party? 你们决定没有什么时候举办这个晚会?
She will tell you which bus to take. 她会告诉你坐哪路公共汽车。
Do you know how to express the idea in English? 你知不知道这意思英文怎样表达?
也可用在某些介词后作宾语：
They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect. 他们就选举谁的问题交换了意见。
They were at a loss as to how to meet the situation. 他们惊惶失措，不知如何应付这一局面。
I was thinking of how to fulfil our task. 我在考虑如何完成我们的任务。
They did research on how to raise the forage yield. 进行研究如何提高饲料产量。
有时介词可能省略掉：
We enquired (about) where to go. 我们询问该到哪里去。
I was careful (over) what to say. 我很注意该说些什么。
有时也可以作主语(a)，表语(b)，状语(c)或同位语(d)：
a. It is not yet decided whether to build the dam here. 是否在这里修水坝还没决定。
How to divide labour among ourselves will be discussed at the meeting. 如何分工将在会上讨论。
b. The question is how to put the plan into practice. 问题是如何把这计划讨诸实施。
c. She was at a loss (as to) what to do. 她不知如何是好。
I had no idea which one to take. 我不知道拿哪个好。
d. The question whether to confess troubled the girl. 是否要坦白的问题使姑娘很烦恼。
不过用这种结构作主语、表话或状语的时候不及用从句的时候多。在没有把握的时候，最好不要用这种结构，用从句反而容易一些。上面句子中的这种结构都可以用从句代替：
It is not decided whether we should build the dam here． 没决定是不是把大坝修在这儿。
The question is how we are to put the plan into practice. 她不知道怎样办

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注：在口语中我们有时会听到Where to go now? What to do next? 这样的句子，但
有些语法家觉得这样说不太好。但Why do it this way? Why not do it today?
这类句子已被公认是正确英语了。
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to是不定式常常带有的一个小品词(particle)，但在下面情况下，它总是被省略掉的：
1)在一般的助动词或情态动词(如do，will，shall，would, should，can，may，must等)后面：
"May I come in?""Yes, please." "能进来吗?""请进。"
但在ought, have和be后不能省略。
2)在带有复合宾语的某些动词(如make，let，watch，see，hear，notice，feel，have，listen to等)后面：
I'll have my daughter mend the shirt for you. 我来让我女儿给你补衬衫。
在help后面的不定式可以要to，也可以不要。
3)在why引起的下面这类问句中：
why spend such a lot of money? 为什么要花这么多钱?
Why bother? 费这心干吗?
Why worry about such trifles? 干吗为这些小事发愁?
Why not wait for a couple of days? 干吗不等一两天?
Why not do it right now? 何不现在就干?
why not let her have a try? 何不让她试试?
4)在had better， had best， would rather， would rather...than， would sooner， would sooner...than， cannot but， do nothing but等结构后面：
You'd better remain where you are． 你最好待在你现在待的这地方。
I would (had) rather not see him. 我宁愿不去见他。
They would rather try and fail than give up the plan． 他们宁愿尝试不成功也不愿放弃这个计划。
We preferred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation．我们情愿延期开会，而不愿意没有充分准备就开。
I'd sooner take a taxi than walk. 我宁愿坐出租车去而不是走着去。
I cannot but agree to his terms. 我只好同意他的条件。
She was so resolute that we couldn't but let her try. 她是那样坚决，我们不得不让她去试一下。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
All I could do was go home. 我只好回家。
My grandfather could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive. 我祖父没有别的办法，只好等医生来。

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注：在下面这类句子中作表语的不定式可带to，也可不带to：
What we must do is (to) make a draft plan. 我们该做的事是起草一个计划草案。
All I wanted to do was (to) help them. 我只不过是要帮助他们。
但：All I wanted was to help them. (比较：I wanted to help them.)
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有时to和不定式中间可以插入一个副词，如：
They have started a drive to further improve the miners' working conditions. 他们开始做一番努力，来进一步改善矿工的工作条件。
He was too ill to really carry out his duty. 他病得太重，不能真正履行他的职责。
He likes to half close his eyes. 他喜欢半闭着眼睛。
I am glad to always find her in high spirits. 我很高兴老看到她情绪高昂。
Mother asks you to kindly come over and see us some day this week. 妈请你烦神这星期哪天到我们这儿来一趟。
只有在意思上绝对有必要把副词紧搁在动词前面时才这样做，一
般(特别是在口语中)总避免这样，而把副词放在后面，或是放在
to前面。事实上也只有少数副词能插在to和后面的不定式之间。
有时为了避免重复前面的动词，可以把一个不定式省
略掉，单留下一个to：
I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去我就去。
Will you come? I'd love to. 你来吗? 我愿意来。
You don't know her? You ought to. 你不认识她? 你应该认识她。
"Will you join me in a walk?""I'll be glad to." "你愿意来和我一块儿去散散步吗?""愿意。"
"Do you want to give a talk on that subject?" "I prefer not to." "你想就那个题目给大家谈谈吗?""我想不谈为好。"
You'd better give a performance if they should ask you to. 如果他们要求你表演一个节目，你最好表演一个。
You can do it this way if you care to. 要是你乐意的话，可以这样做。
Did you get a ticket? No, I tried to, but there weren't any left. 你买到票了吗？ 没有，我去买来着，但卖完了。
在某些个别情况下，to可以保留也可以不保留，如：
He says he will come as soon as he has got a chance (to). 他说一有机会就来。
They won't encourage you to do it even if you have the time (to). 你就是有时间做这事他们也不会鼓励你做的。
She may go if she likes (to). 她如果想去可以去。
在少数句子中常常不带to，如：
You may go if you like. 你高兴的话可以去。
She wants to come but her parents won't let her (come)． 她想来但是她父母不让她来。
在used to, be going to, mean to, ought to, try to, plan to等结构中，当不定式给省略掉时，to通常都是保留的。
当两个(或更多)作用相同的不定式并列使用时，我们常常只在第一个不定式前加to，在后面的不定式前不加：
She decided to remain in the enemy rear and carry on underground work. 她决定留在敌后干地下工作。
It is quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice. 我们多读一些，多做些练习是非常必要的。
She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back. 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。
但是，如果两者有对比关系，那么，每个前面就都得加to：
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
He hasn't decided whether to go home or to stay at school during the vacation. 他没决定假期是回家还是留在学校里。
Wouldn't it be better for her to continue to do this work than to take up something new? 让她继续做这工作，而不另外做新的工作是不是更好一些?

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