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限定词

2009-04-22 词汇语法 来源:互联网 作者:
有以下值得注意之处:
a) 表示"全体",可用all 和both, 但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的"全体",而both则表示两个人或物的"全体"。例如:
All the four applicants are below the average. 所有这四位申请者都在平均数以下。
All these last few days the farmers have been busy fighting drought. 在最后这几天里,农民曾经忙于抗旱。
Both his parents are against his going there alone. 他的父母两个人都反对他单独去那儿。
The man was blind in both eyes. 这人的两眼都瞎了。
如果要表示"全体都不"的意思,当"全体"为三个或更多的人或物时,通常用none。例如:
None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试失败。
I'll have none of your stupid ideas. 我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。
在上述第一例中,既可用none, 也可用no one:
No one failed the examination.
但no one只能指人,不能指物。
如果要表示两个人或物"都不",通常要用neither:
Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 两辆车没有一辆产自日本。
b) 表示全体中的"每个",如果这个"全体"包含三个或更多的人或物,通常用every。例如:
Every student in the class took part in the performance. 这个班的每个学生都是这个表演的一部分。
His every action shows that he is a very determined young man. 他的每个行动都显示了他是一个坚决的年轻人。
如果这个"全体"包含两个或两个以上的人或物,便可以用each。例如:
Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的两边都挤满了人。
在这里,不可以用every。如果说"广场的每一边都挤满了人",那就既可用each, 也可用every:
Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 广场的边上挤满了人。
every 与each 的区别还在于every 指许多人或物中的"每个",侧重在全体,近乎all的含义。例如:
Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的学生都考试失败。
We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children to succeed. 我们相让每个孩子都成功。
而each则指许多人或物中"各人",侧重在个别。例如:
Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每个孩子都发现自已的方法成功。
The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game. 女王在比赛后与参赛手们轮流握手。
c) 表示全体中的"任何一个",也要看这个"全体"是包含三个或更多,还是只包含两个。当"全体"包含三个或三个以上,要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如:
Any (= Every) child would know that. 每个孩子都知道这个。
Ask any man you meet. 你可以问任何一个人。
His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 除了他自已没有一个人知道他的礼物是什么。
These are all free,take any (of them) you like. 所有都是免费的,拿其中你最喜欢的。
当"全体"只包含两个时,要表示其中任何一个须用either。例如:
There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 只有两班早晨的飞机去北京,你可选其中一个。
We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我们有两份考贝剩下,为文件保持其中的一份。
但在on either side, on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如:
There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river). 在河的两边都有大货仓。
He got off the train with a bundle on either arm. 他带着两大包下火车。
There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的两头都有楼梯。

限定词二
冠词(ARTICLE)是最典型的限定词。关于冠词的用法已在前一讲提到一些,本讲作进一步介绍。
1 类指和特指
冠词的表意功能可以归纳为二种,即类指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)。 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)(定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。); 另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)(不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。); 零冠词zero Article)。
1〕类指
类指是表示类别,也就是泛指一类人或物。不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能。比如定冠词与单数可数名词搭配,往往可起类指的作用,常用于正式语体。例如:
Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. GALILEO声称他发明了望远镜。
The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship by the steamship. 铁路代替了马的作用,汽船代替了帆船。
定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用,表示类别或抽象概念,也是一种类指用法。例如:
the rich 富人; the living 生者。表示一类人。
The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. 病被治逾,失去的被找回来了,死亡被挽救回来了。
The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有钱的更有钱,穷人得了孩子。
The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 没有欺骗、邪恶、丑陋就没有真实、善良和美丽。
用不定冠词与单数可数名词搭配也可表示类别。例如:
An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一个有用的动物。
My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我的兄弟WILLIAM打算成为一名律师。
用零冠词与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配,同样可以表示一类的人或物。例如:
Doctors are badly needed at the front. 在前线医生是非常地需要。
Carrots are my favorite vegetable. 胡罗卜是我最喜爱的蔬菜。
They are teachers, not students.
Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals. 猫和老虎是在一个家族的动物。
Electricity is a form of energy. 电是能量的一种形态。
Unity is strength. 团结就是力量。
2〕特指
特指不同于类指,它不是泛指一类人或物,而是特指一类人或物中的具体对象。这里有两种情况:一种是非常明确地指出何人或何物,这叫做"确定特指"(DEFINETE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕。定冠词常作这种用法。例如:
He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 指上文提到过的人或事。
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. 我们有一只猫和狗。狗是棕色的,猫是白色的。 特指上文提到过的狗和猫。
The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 这狗和猫是我们去年就养了的。 特指去年就饲养了的狗和猫。
另一种情况是"非确定特指"(INDEFINITE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕,这也是特指具体对象,但不很明确。不定冠词常作这种用法。例如:
I met an old man in the street. 我在路上遇到一个老人。 虽未道出姓名但所指仍为某一特定的老人。
I have lost a button. 我丢了一只钮扣。 指失落一颗特定的钮扣,但未说出何种钮扣。
There's a letter for you. 有一封信给你。 指一封特定的信件,但不明确是谁写来的。
A book I want has been acquired by the library. 我想要的书已经从图书馆里得到。 指我所要的那本特定的书,但未道出什么书。
零冠词也能有非确定特指的用法。例如:
The streets are clean and shaded with trees. 马路干净且有树的阴凉。
She put carrots in the stew. 她把胡罗卜放入炖汤里。
3〕后照应特指、前照应特指、语境特指
确定特指又可分为后照应特指(ANAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、前照应特指(CATAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕和语境特指(SITUATIONAL REFERENCE〕。
后照应特指即用定冠词表示上下文已经提到的人或物。第一次提及用不定冠词。第二次提及用定冠词。例如:
He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. 他以前某个时候定购的书,现已经到达。
前照应特指也是一种确定特指,只是照应对象不在上文,而在下文,或者更确切地说,定冠词的指定作用决定于名词中心词的后置修饰语。例如:
Plese tell us the story of Franklin. 请告诉我FRANKLIN的故事。
Is this the train for Shanghai? 去上海是这次火车吗?
Here is the student I told you about. 这就是我告诉你的那个学生。
语境特指不是建立在上下文基础上的照应关系,而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上。比如主妇对丈夫说,I'm just back from the market, 在这种语境中,听话人一定会理解the market指某个平时常去的市场。又例如:
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 特指双方都明白的人或物。
What's in the paper(s) today?
Shut the door, please.
How's the cough today?
He turned on the radio.
What's on the radio?
能用于语境特指的冠词通常是定冠词,但是零冠词在一定上下文中也可表示确定特指含义,这也是一种语境特指。例如:
Mary asked, "Why is father out of work?"
John was elected chairman of the students'union. JOHN被选作学生会主席。
2 冠词的习惯用法
我国学生对冠词用法之所以感到困难,不仅是由于汉语没有冠词,而且冠词用法尽管有规律可循,例外却太多。有时,冠词的使用仅仅是个习惯用法问题,很难用几项语法条文加以概括。例如radio和television两词用于类指时通常不带定冠词:
It's easier to write plays for television than for radio. 写电视剧本要比写无线电广播剧本容易的多。
但要说listen to the radio, on the radio;而在television之前却又可以不用定冠词watch (the) television, on (the) television。又例如,疾病通常是不可数名词,前面不用冠词:
She's had appendicitis.
Ithink I've got measles.
但有例外,比如说"感冒"要用冠词,I've got a cold, 可是在catch (a) cold中,人们有时又不用冠词;在"头痛"前要用冠词,I've got a headache,但在牙痛、耳痛前却又不用冠词,I've got had toothache。下面列举一些冠词的习惯搭配关系。
1〕习惯用定冠词
at the hands of; on the shoulder; by the way; on the spot当场; for the time being; on the whole; in the case of至于...; (the) day before yesterday; in the distance; the other day; in the east of; under / in the circumstances; in the end of; to be in the habit of; in the front of在前部; to bring down the house博得满场喝彩; in the possession of为...所有; to follow the plough务农; in the shade逊色; to get / gain the upper hand of; on the way; to go by the board被丢弃; on the job忙碌着; to take the fancy of引起...的注意; to tell the truth; on the part of; to turn / tip the scale(s)起决定性作用; on the right / left;
2)习惯用不定冠词
all of a sudden; to be in a position to; a matter of course; as a rule; as a matter of fact; at a loss不知所措; at a discount; at a time when; to make the best of a had job尽量减少损失; to have a chance; to have a good time; to have a hand in参与; to have a mind to; (to throw...) for a loss使...震惊; in (after) a fashion略略地; in a walk轻而易举地; on a large scale; with a firm hand; with a view to; to be in a hurry; to get / fly into a temper发怒; to have a say; to have a try; to keep an eye on; to lend a hand帮助; to put a premium on重视; to take a fancy to喜爱; to take a walk; to take an interest in;
3) 习惯用零冠词
at anchor; at bottom; at dinner在吃饭; at hand近在手边; at home; at last; at play; at present; at rest; at short notice一接到通知; at stake; at table在进餐; at war; beyond hope of; big talk吹牛; by rule墨守成规地; by way of经由; day and night; in honour of; in order; in pleace; in place适当的; in question正被谈论的; in sight在望; in trouble; in view; on board; on deck; on hand手头现有; on shore; on top of在...之上; under cover; within (easy) reach (of); without result; to be hard of heart; to be large of limb; from beginning to end; in advance; in danger; in debt; in case (of)如果; in distrss; in (the) face of面对; in fashion时兴/流行; in fact; in fear; in front of在...之前; to be number of foot; to be pale of face; in haste; in possession of; to burn daylight徒劳无益; to keep / bear in mind; to set foot on踏上; to take care of; to take / have command; to take part in ; to take place;

附加:
1 不定冠词的用法

  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。
  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。
   A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一枝钢笔。
 2) 但是,除表示"一"这一数量外,很多情况下 a 与可数名词一起表示一类事物或者泛指概念。代表一类人或物。
I need a pencil now. 我现在需要(一)枝铅笔。(不确指哪枝铅笔)
We can't say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我们不能说男孩比女孩聪明。(表示类别)代表一类人或物。
   A knife is a tool for cutting with.
   Mr. Smith is an engineer.
不定冠词在表示"一"的概念时,是非强调性的。如果强调"一"这一数量,常常用one
National Day is a two-day holiday. 国庆节是(一)个两天的假日。
We have only one day left to finish the task. 我们只剩下一天时间来完成这个任务。
 3) 词组或成语。
   a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
4) 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前,表示"每一(单位)…的价格、速度、顺序等"
The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。
Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 汤姆以每小时60英里的速度开车。
I go back home once a month. 我每月回家一次。
5) 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前,表示不确定性,泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等:
He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。
My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese.

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