被动语态（讲解）

英语的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。
5、关于习惯
He is quite used to hard work．____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD
He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD
The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE
He is given to long walks． _____LDCE
英语中有些动词，由于常用于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另立专条著录，成为独立的词，其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如，词典一般既有use这一专条（不定式动词），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被动"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也大体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。
6．关于苦恼、心烦意乱
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD
He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD
I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE
苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此英语中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．关于惊讶或震惊
I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD
I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD
He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD
一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了，不
同于英语的被动表现形式。
8．关于围绕、包围
His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD
Troy was besieged by the greeks for ten years．_____ALD
The troops were surrounded．_____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE
对于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以用"被包围"这类说法的，但对第一句的"is fenced with，"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了，不一定要说"被用篱笆围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说：应该用栏杆围起来"，或"应该把它用栏杆围起来"，而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。
9．关于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD
My car was mired． ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink．
That cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被动语态。我们说，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．关于惶惑、慌乱
I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。
综观以上的例子，我们觉得中国学生学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情况下，英语一定比汉语更常用被动语态；要留心哪些动词是这样用的，哪些动词虽有各种不同用法，但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态，几乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下面两个句子：
My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD
下面这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使用的大有人在，以致语言死板，并违反英语习惯。
It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他们只知说We may observe that…之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。
短语动词的被动语态
　
英语中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。
短语动词被看成一个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构
成方法相同。如：
1．动词+介词
He will be operated on by the best surgeon． 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。
This matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔细调查。
He is often laughed at by his classmates． 他经常被同学嘲笑。
2．动词 + 副词
These problems have been seriously thought over． 这些问题已得到认真考虑。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11点钟关灯。
The fire was soon put out． 那场大火很快被扑灭。
3．动词+副词+介词
These privileges should be done away with． 此类特权应该被取消。
Women were looked down upon in the past． 妇女过去受到歧视。
The lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。
4．动词+名词+介词
The children have been taken good care of． 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。
What they did have been paid great attention to． 他们所做的一切已得到极大的关注。
Time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利用。

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